List of Chinese cash coins by inscription – Wikipedia

Chinese cash coins were first produced during the Warring States menstruation, and they became standardised as the Ban Liang ( 半兩 ) neologism during the Qin dynasty which followed. Over the years, cash coins have had many different inscriptions, and the Wu Zhu ( 五銖 ) inscription, which first appeared under the Han dynasty, became the most normally used inscription and was frequently used by succeeding dynasties for 700 years until the introduction of the Kaiyuan Tongbao ( 開元通寳 ) during the Tang dynasty. This was besides the inaugural time regular script was used as all earlier cash coins entirely used seal script. During the Song dynasty a large number of different inscriptions was used, and several different styles of chinese calligraphy were used, even on coins with the same inscriptions produced during the lapp period. These cash coins are known as matched coins ( 對錢 ). This was primitively pioneered by the Southern Tang. During the Yuan dynasty, largely deprecated copper coinage was abandoned in favor of paper money. This swerve continued under the Ming dynasty. Cash coins only contained the earned run average names of the emperor butterfly during the Ming dynasty. Due to a list taboo the term “ Yuanbao ” ( 元寶 ) was phased out from cash coin inscriptions as the fall through of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang had the son “ yuan ” ( 元 ) in his name. The course of entirely using the era names on currencies continued during the Qing dynasty, and all cash coins issued during this period were written in regular script.

Below is a list of obverse inscriptions that were used on chinese cash coins organized by time period and/or dynasty. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]

Warring States [edit ]

During the Warring states period, the first precursors of the chinese cash coins started to appear. These early round coins ( 圜錢, huánqián ) circulated alongside the knife and spade money. As most of these early round coins had round holes, the first gear “ true ” cash coins were the Yi Hua ( 一化 ) produced by the State of Yan. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Apart from two modest and presumably deep coins from the State of Qin, coins from the spade money area have a round trap and mention to the jin and liang units. Those from the knife money area have a square hole and are denominated in hua .

Round hole, no rims, reverses plain and flat [edit ]

list of early beat coins produced between 350 BC and 220 BC : [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ]

state of Yan [edit ]

list of early round coins produced by the State of Yan between 300 BC and 220 BC :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu pinyin	Alternative reading(s)	Image
Yi Hua[d]	一化	yī huà	一刀 (Yi Dao)
Ming Hua	明化	míng huà	明刀 (Ming Dao) 匽化 (Yan Hua)
Ming Si	明四	míng sì	匽四 (Yan Si)

express of Qi [edit ]

number of early round of golf coins produced by the State of Qi between 300 BC and 220 BC :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu pinyin	Alternative reading(s)	Image
Yi Hua	益化	yì huà	賹化 (Ai Hua)
Yi Si Hua	益四化	yì sì huà	賹四化 (Ai Si Hua)
Yi Liu Hua[e]	益六化	yì liù huà	賹六化 (Ai Liu Hua)

state of Qin [edit ]

tilt of early cycle coins produced by the State of Qin between 250 BC and 220 BC :

Qin dynasty [edit ]

During the Qin dynasty output of the Ban Liang cash coins continued and its weight was standardised. [ 12 ]

western Han dynasty [edit ]

Under the Western Han dynasty the Ban Liang cash coins of the earlier Qin dynasty were retained until a series of monetary reforms replaced them first with the San Zhu and then the Wu Zhu, the latter would be continued to be manufactured for around 700 years .

Xin dynasty [edit ]

After Wang Mang usurped the throne he instituted respective monetary reforms, in AD 9 he retained the Wu Zhu cash coins but introduced two newly types of Knife money, between AD 9 and 10 he introduced an impossibly complex system involving tortoise plate, cowries, amber, silver, six rung copper coins, and a reintroduction of the nigger money in ten denominations. In AD 14, all these tokens were abolished, and replaced by another type of spade mint and modern round coins. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] tilt of cash coins issued by the Xin dynasty :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu pinyin	Literal translation	Years of production	Emperor	Image
The Six Round Coins (series 9–14)
Xiao Quan Zhi Yi	小泉直一	xiǎoquán zhí yī	“Small Coin, Value One”	9–14	Wang Mang
Yao Quan Yi Shi	么泉一十	yǎo quán yīshí	“Baby Coin, Ten”	9–14	Wang Mang
You Quan Er Shi	幼泉二十	yòu quán èrshí	“Juvenile Coin, Twenty”	9–14	Wang Mang
Zhong Quan San Shi	中泉三十	zhōng quán sānshí	“Middle Coin, Thirty”	9–14	Wang Mang
Zhuang Quan Si Shi	壯泉四十	zhuàng quán sìshí	“Adult Coin, Forty”	9–14	Wang Mang
Da Quan Wu Shi	大泉五十	dàquán wǔshí	“Large coin with a nominal value of fifty (Wu Zhu cash coins)”	9–14	Wang Mang
Later issues
Huo Quan	貨泉	huòquán	“Wealth/Money Coin”	14–23	Wang Mang
Bu Quan	布泉	bù quán	“Spade Coin”	14–23	Wang Mang

Chengjia [edit ]

The insurgent Gongsun Shu cast iron cash coins based on the Wu Zhu ‘s of the Western Han dynasty in his maverick state of Chengjia in contemporary szechwan :

Eastern Han dynasty [edit ]

The Eastern Han dynasty only shed Wu Zhu ( 五銖 ) cash coins. [ 18 ]

Kingdom of Khotan [edit ]

list of cash coins produced by the Kingdom of Khotan : [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ]

Three Kingdoms [edit ]

list of chinese cash coins issued during Three Kingdoms time period :

Kingdom of Kucha [edit ]

list of cash coins produced by the Kingdom of Kucha : [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 2 ]

Inscription (Obverse)	Inscription (Reverse)	Approximate years of production	Differentiating features	Image
Blank	Blank	265–589	These have a rim around the square centre hole on one side while the other side is rimless, they tend to thin on the outside while they’re thick on the inside.
Blank	Blank	265–589	Similar to the first type but these cash coins have no inner rim.
Blank	Blank	265–589	These cash coins are completely without rim but are square in shape and have a square centre hole, they tend to be very thin.
Blank	Blank	265–589	These cash coins are irregularly shaped, diminutive in size, thin, and are cast of poor workmanship. Some are merely five millimeters in diameter and weigh as little as 0.2 grams.
五銖 (Wu Zhu)	An undeciphered Kuśiññe language inscription.	Unknown	These are the only known cash coins produced by Kucha with an inscription.

Jin dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms [edit ]

list of chinese cash coins produced during the Jin dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms period : [ 2 ]

Northern and Southern dynasties [edit ]

list of cash coins produced by the Northern and Southern dynasties : [ 29 ]

Sui dynasty [edit ]

The Sui dynasty entirely cast Wu Zhu ( 五銖 ) cash coins. [ 31 ]

Tang dynasty [edit ]

list of cash coins issued by the Tang dynasty :

local issues [edit ]

list of local publish cash coins of the Tang dynasty :

Yan dynasty [edit ]

list of cash coins issued by the Great Yan dynasty during the An Lushan rebellion :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Years of production	Emperor	Image
Deyi Yuanbao	得壹元寶	de yī yuánbǎo	758	Shi Siming
Shuntian Yuanbao	順天元寶	shùn tiān yuánbǎo	759–761	Shi Siming

Uyghur Khaganate [edit ]

The Uyghur Khaganate manufactured a cash mint with an Old Uyghur inscription under the predominate of Boquq Khagan. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A late cash coin is known to have been cast by the Uyghurs but it is not known when it was manufactured. [ 37 ] [ 38 ]

Inscription (obverse)	Inscription (reverse)	Approximate years of production	Khagan	Image
Köl bilgä Tängri Boquq Uiğur qağan	Il tutmiš yarliğinga	795–808	Boquq Khagan
Iduq yarliq yurisun		Unknown	Unknown

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms [edit ]

late Liang dynasty [edit ]

list of cash coins produced by the Later Liang dynasty ( 907–923 ) :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Years of production	Emperor	Image
Kaiping Tongbao	開平通寶	kāipíng tōng bǎo	907	Zhu Wen

late Tang dynasty [edit ]

list of cash coins produced by the Later Tang dynasty ( 923–936 ) :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Years of production	Emperor	Image
Tiancheng Yuanbao	天成元寶	tiānchéng yuánbǎo	926–929	Ming

late Jin dynasty ( 936–947 ) [edit ]

number of cash coins produced by the Later Jin dynasty ( 936–947 ) :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Years of production	Emperor	Image
Tianfu Yuanbao	天福元寶	tiānfú yuánbǎo	938	Gao Zong

late Han dynasty [edit ]

list of cash coins produced by the Later Han dynasty ( 948–951 ) :

late Zhou dynasty [edit ]

list of cash coins produced by the Later Zhou dynasty ( 951–960 ) : [ 41 ]

Former Shu [edit ]

list of cash coins attributed to the Former Shu Kingdom ( 907–925 ) :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Years of production	King	Image
Yongping Yuanbao	永平元寶	yǒng píng yuánbǎo	911–915	Wang Jian
Tongzheng Yuanbao	通正元寶	tōng zhèng yuánbǎo	916	Wang Jian
Tianhan Yuanbao	天漢元寶	tiānhàn yuánbǎo	917	Wang Jian
Guangtian Yuanbao	光天元寶	guāng tiān yuánbǎo	918	Wang Jian
Qiande Yuanbao	乾德元寶	qián dé yuánbǎo	919–924	Wang Zongyan
Xiankang Yuanbao	咸康元寶	xián kāng yuánbǎo	925	Wang Zongyan

Kingdom of Min [edit ]

list of cash coins attributed to the Kingdom of Min ( 909–945 ) :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Differentiating features and notes	Years of production	Monarch	Image
Kaiyuan Tongbao	開元通寶	kāiyuán tōng bǎo	A small lead Kai Yuan coin was minted in Ninghua County of Dingzhou Prefecture in Fujian Province, where deposits of lead had been discovered. The lead coins circulated together with copper coins.	916	Wang Shenzhi
Kaiyuan Tongbao	開元通寶	kāiyuán tōng bǎo	These cash coins have a large dot above on the reverse side. They are made of iron and the same coin cast in bronze is extremely rare.	922	Wang Shenzhi
Kaiyuan Tongbao	開元通寶	kāiyuán tōng bǎo	These cash coins have the character Min (Chinese: 閩; pinyin: mǐn) on the reverse. They are from the Fujian region and made of lead.		Wang Shenzhi
Kaiyuan Tongbao	開元通寶	kāiyuán tōng bǎo	These cash coins have the character Fu (Chinese: 福; pinyin: fú) on the reverse in reference to Fuzhou. They are made of lead.		Wang Shenzhi
Yonglong Tongbao	永隆通寶	yǒnglóng tōng bǎo	These iron cash coins have the character Min (Chinese: 閩; pinyin: mǐn) on the reverse and comes from the Fujian region. There is a crescent below. One of these large Yonglong Tongbao coins was worth 10 small coins and 100 lead coins. A string of 500 of these poorly made Min iron coins were popularly called a kao (“a manacle”).	942	Wang Yanxi
Tiande Tongbao	天德通寶	tiān dé tōng bǎo	These cash coins are made of iron.	944	Wang Yanzheng

Kingdom of Chu [edit ]

list of cash coins attributed to the Kingdom of Chu ( 907–951 ) :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Differentiating features and notes	Years of production	Monarch	Image
Tiance Fubao	天策府寶	tiān cè fǔ bǎo	These cash coins are made of iron.	911	Supreme Commander Ma Yin
Qianfeng Quanbao	乾封泉寶	qiān fēng quán bǎo	These cash coins are made of iron. According to the histories, because there was much lead and iron in Hunan, Ma Yin took the advice of his minister Gao Yu to cast lead and iron coins at Changsha in 925. Extremely rare bronze specimens are also known.	925	King Wumu of Chu
Qianyuan Zhongbao	乾元重寶	qiān yuán zhòng bǎo	These cash coins bear an inscription that is also found on Tang coins. This small lead coin is thought to have been issued by the Chu kingdom. Similar bronze coins are sometimes attributed to Ma Yin, but could be funerary items.	Unknown	Ma Yin

former Shu [edit ]

Cash coins produced by the Later Shu ( 926–965 ) include :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Differentiating features	Years of production	Monarch	Image
Dashu Tongbao	大蜀通寶	dà shǔ tōng bǎo	These cash coins are attributed to Meng Zhixiang when he became Emperor Gao Zu of Shu in Chengdu in 934. He died three months later. Despite its rarity, some say this coin continued to be cast by his son, Meng Chang, until 937.	934(–937)	Gao Zu
Guangzheng Tongbao	廣政通寶	guǎng zhèng tōng bǎo	These cash coins are either made of bronze or iron. The bronze coins were cast by Meng Chang from the beginning of this period, 938. In 956, iron coins began to be cast to cover additional military expenses.	938–963	Meng Chang

Southern Tang Kingdom [edit ]

Cash coins manufactured by the Southern Tang Kingdom ( 937–975 ) admit : [ 47 ]

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Differentiating features	Years of production	Monarch	Image
Daqi Tongbao	大齊通寶	dà qí tōng bǎo	These cash coins were said to have been cast by the Prince of Qi or by the founder of the Southern Tang with the original name of the Tang kingdom. Only two specimens were known, and these have now disappeared.	937	Xu Zhigao
Baoda Yuanbao	保大元寶	bǎo dà yuán bǎo	This cash coin has on its reverse the character Tian (天) above. They are made of iron and date between. There is also an extremely rare bronze example of this coin.	943–957	Yuan Zong
Yongtong Quanhuo	永通泉貨	yǒng tōng quán huò		959–964	Yuan Zong
Tangguo Tongbao	唐國通寶	tang guó tōng bǎo	The inscriptions of these cash coins could be written in seal, li, and regular script.[48]	959	Yuan Zong
Datang Tongbao	大唐通寶	dà táng tōng bǎo	These coins are all written in li script.	959	Yuan Zong
Kaiyuan Tongbao	開元通寶	kāiyuán tōng bǎo	These versions of the Kaiyuan Tongbao are written in li script and have broader rims.	961	Li Yu

Southern Han Kingdom [edit ]

The cash coins produced by the Southern Han dynasty were :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Differentiating features	Years of production	Monarch	Image
Kaiping Yuanbao	開平元寶	kāi píng yuán bǎo	These cash coins were made from lead.	907–910	Liu Yin
Qianheng Tongbao	乾亨通寶	gān hēng tōng bǎo		917–942	Lie Zu
Qianheng Zhongbao	乾亨重寶	gān hēng zhòng bǎo	These cash coins were made from bronze and lead.	917–942	Lie Zu

Crude lead coins [edit ]

Crude conduct cash coins attributed to the Southern Han/Chu sphere ( 900–971 ) :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Differentiating features	Image
Kaiyuan Tongbao	開元通寶	kāiyuán tōng bǎo	These cash coins are based on Tang Dynasty coins. They have a local style with numerous reverse inscriptions which are apparently series numbers.

There is a identical great variety of such coins ; some have crescents on the revoke. The Kai character sometimes looks like yong ( chinese : 永 ; pinyin : yǒng ). Characters and legends much reversed because the bungling workmen had not mastered the art of engraving in damaging to make the moulds. Some specimens have meaningless characters. Cash coins with loanblend inscriptions from this same area :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Image
Wu Wu	五五	wǔ wǔ
Wu Wu Wu	五五五	wǔ wǔ wǔ
Wu Wu Wu Wu	五五五五	wǔ wǔ wǔ wǔ
Wu Zhu	五朱	wǔ zhū
Kai Yuan Wu Wu	開元五五	kāiyuán wǔ wǔ

These cash coins are typical of the hybrid inscriptions formed by combinations of inappropriate characters. They besides have series numbers on the revoke. note that the radical “ 釒 “ is missing from this Wu Zhu ( 五朱 ) coin. One discrepancy of the Wu Wu ( 五五 ) coin has the Xin dynasty inscription Huo Quan ( 貨泉 ) on its invert .

You Zhou autonomous region [edit ]

The trace cash coins were produced in the You Zhou autonomous area ( which enjoyed virtual independence from the rest of the conglomerate ) between 900 and 914 :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Differentiating features	Image
Yong An Yi Shi	永安一十	yǒng’ān yīshí
Yong An Yi Bai	永安一百	yǒng’ān yībǎi
Yong An Wu Bai	永安五百	yǒng’ān wǔbǎi
Yong An Yi Qian	永安一千	yǒng’ān yīqiān	These cash coins are found in either bronze or iron.
Wu Zhu	五銖	wǔ zhū	These Wu Zhu cash coins are made from iron.
Huo Bu (obverse) San Bai (reverse)	貨布 (Obverse) 三百 (reverse)	huò bù (obverse) sānbǎi (reverse)
Shuntian Yuanbao	順天元寶	shùn tiān yuánbǎo	Are made from iron. These poorly made coins are imitations of coins of previous regimes and are attributed to the You Zhou.

Liao dynasty [edit ]

Liao dynasty coins ( like some contemporaneous Song dynasty coins ) can be read top-right-bottom-left ( clockwise ), but unlike the Song ‘s neologism never appeared top-bottom-right-left. Liao dynasty era cash coins have appeared in both Chinese and Khitan scripts, but the latter can more accurately be described as a type of Chinese numismatic charms as they were n’t meant for circulation. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] list of cash coins produced by the Khitan -led Liao dynasty : [ 57 ] [ 58 ]

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Simplified Chinese	Years of minting	Emperor	Image
Tian Xian Tong Bao	天顯通寶	天显通宝	927–937	Taizong
Tian Chao Wan Shun	天朝萬順	天朝万顺	？	?
Qian Qiu Wan Sui	千秋萬歲	千秋万岁	938	Taizong
Hui Tong Tong Bao	會同通寶	会同通宝	938–947	Taizong
Tian Lu Tong Bao	天祿通寶	天禄通宝	947–951	Shizong
Ying Li Tong Bao	應曆通寶	应历通宝	951–969	Muzong
Bao Ning Tong Bao	保寧通寶	保宁通宝	969–982	Jingzong
Tong He Yuan Bao	統和元寶	統和元宝	983–1011	Shengzong
Chong Xi Tong Bao	重熙通寶	重熙通宝	1032–1055	Xingzong
Qing Ning Tong Bao	清寧通寶	清宁通宝	1055–1064	Daozong
Xian Yong Tong Bao	咸雍通寶	咸雍通宝	1065–1074	Daozong
Da Kang Tong Bao	大康通寶	大康通宝	1074–1084	Daozong
Da Kang Yuan Bao	大康元寶	大康元宝	1074–1084	Daozong
Da An Yuan Bao	大安元寶	大安元宝	1085–1094	Daozong
Shou Chang Yuan Bao	壽昌元寶	寿昌元宝	1095–1101	Daozong
Qian Tong Yuan Bao	乾統元寶	乾统元宝	1101–1110	Tianzuo
Tian Qing Yuan Bao	天慶元寶	天庆元宝	1111–1120	Tianzuo

Northern Song dynasty [edit ]

The cash coins of the Song dynasty are noteworthy in the expression that many cash coins of the like era that use the same dedication and have the lapp nominal rate come in multiple chinese calligraphic fonts. many Emperors of the Song dynasty personally wrote the calligraphy to be inscribed on the cash mint. There are generally three scripts used on Song dynasty era cash coins which include unconstipated handwriting, Seal script, and Running hand script/Grass script. The reading club of Song dynasty era cash coins exist in top-bottom-right-left and top-right-bottom-left orders. [ 59 ] list of cash coins produced by the Northern Song dynasty : [ 60 ] [ 1 ] [ 3 ]

Sui heathen minority during the Northern Song dynasty [edit ]

In 2004 a mint produced by the Sui people of Guizhou was discovered dating to the Northern Song dynasty most probable produced between 1008 and 1016, this coin had the dedication dà zhōng xiáng fú ( 大中祥符 ) on one side and the word “ wealth ” written in Sui script on the other english, as this is the only acknowledge coin produced by the Sui people it established that they do n’t have a numismatic tradition like the Han Chinese have. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] [ 66 ]

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Years of production	Emperor	Image
Dazhong Xiangfu	大中祥符	1008–1016	Zhenzong

Great Shu Kingdom [edit ]

In the year 993 a group of tea farmers and landless tenant farmers under the leadership if Wang Xiaobo rebelled against the Northern Song dynasty, in the year 994 after Wang Xiaobo died his brother-in-law Li Shun proclaimed himself to be the “ King of the Great Shu Kingdom “ ( 大蜀王, dà shǔ wáng ) in Chengdu after he captured the city ( “ Shu ” being an archaic name for Sichuan ). Li Shun was defeated and killed in the year 995. During his menstruation he used the reign era and produced cash coins with this “ Yingyun ” ( 應運, yìng yùn ) inscription while after his death his former subordinates used the Yinggan ( 應感 ) dedication. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] list of cash coins issued by the Great Shu Kingdom : [ 71 ]

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Simplified Chinese	King	Image
Yingyun Tongbao	應運通寶	应运通宝	Li Shun (李顺)
Yingyun Yuanbao	應運元寶	应运元宝	Li Shun (李顺)
Yinggan Tongbao	應感通寶	应感通宝	None

Southern Song dynasty [edit ]

Under the Southern Song dynasty it became accustomed to add the date of exit on the inverse of the mint and as copper shortages and phenomena known as “ currency famines ” ( 錢荒 ) plagued the domain both iron cash coins and newspaper money ( in the form of Jiaozi, Guanzi, and Huizi notes ) became more coarse leading to a decline of the production of bronze neologism. list of cash coins produced by the Southern Song dynasty : [ 1 ] [ 3 ]

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Simplified Chinese	Scripts	Period minted	Emperor	Image
Jianyan Tongbao	建炎通寶	建炎通宝	Regular script, Seal script	1127–1130	Gaozong
Jianyan Yuanbao	建炎元寶	建炎元宝	Regular script, Seal script	1127–1130	Gaozong
Jianyan Zhongbao	建炎重寶	建炎重宝	Seal script	1127–1130	Gaozong
Shaoxing Tongbao	紹興通寶	绍兴通宝	Regular script, Seal script	1131–1162	Gaozong
Shaoxing Yuanbao	紹興元寶	绍兴元宝	Regular script	1131–1162	Gaozong
Longxing Tongbao	隆興通寶	隆兴通宝	Regular script, Seal script	1163–1164	Xiaozong
Longxing Yuanbao	隆興元寶	隆兴元宝	Regular script, Seal script	1163–1164	Xiaozong
Qiandao Tongbao	乾道通寶	干道通宝	Regular script	1165–1173	Xiaozong
Qiandao Yuanbao	乾道元寶	干道元宝	Regular script	1165–1173	Xiaozong
Chunxi Tongbao	淳熙通寶	淳熙通宝	Regular script	1174–1189	Xiaozong
Chunxi Yuanbao	淳熙元寶	淳熙元宝	Regular script, Seal script	1174–1189	Xiaozong
Shaoxi Tongbao	紹熙通寶	绍熙通宝	Regular script, Seal script	1190–1194	Guangzong
Shaoxi Yuanbao	紹熙元寶	绍熙元宝	Regular script, Seal script	1190–1194	Guangzong
Qingyuan Tongbao	慶元通寶	庆元通宝	Regular script	1195–1200	Ningzong
Qingyuan Yuanbao	慶元元寶	庆元元宝	Regular script	1195–1200	Ningzong
Jiatai Tongbao	嘉泰通寶	嘉泰通宝	Regular script	1201–1204	Ningzong
Jiatai Yuanbao	嘉泰元寶	嘉泰元宝	Regular script	1201–1204	Ningzong
Kaixi Tongbao	開禧通寶	开禧通宝	Regular script	1205–1207	Ningzong
Kaixi Yuanbao	開禧元寶	开禧元宝	Regular script	1205–1207	Ningzong
Shengsong Yuanbao	聖宋元寶	圣宋元宝	Regular script	1210	Ningzong
Shengsong Zhongbao	聖宋重寶	圣宋重宝	Regular script	1210	Ningzong
Jiading Tongbao	嘉定通寶	嘉定通宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Zhongbao	嘉定重寶	嘉定重宝	Regular script, seal script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Yuanbao	嘉定元寶	嘉定元宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Dabao	嘉定大寶	嘉定大宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Chongbao	嘉定崇寶	嘉定崇宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Quanbao	嘉定全寶	嘉定全宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Yongbao	嘉定永寶	嘉定永宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Zhenbao	嘉定真寶	嘉定真宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Xinbao	嘉定新寶	嘉定新宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Anbao	嘉定安寶	嘉定安宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Longbao	嘉定隆寶	嘉定隆宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Quanbao	嘉定泉寶	嘉定泉宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Zhengbao	嘉定正寶	嘉定正宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Hongbao	嘉定洪寶	嘉定洪宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Wanbao	嘉定万寶	嘉定万宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Zhibao	嘉定之寶	嘉定之宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Zhenbao	嘉定珍寶	嘉定珍宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Xingbao	嘉定興寶	嘉定兴宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Yongbao[72]	嘉定用寶	嘉定用宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Zhibao	嘉定至寶	嘉定至宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Jiading Fengbao	嘉定封寶	嘉定封宝	Regular script	1208–1224	Ningzong
Baoqing Yuanbao	寶慶元寶	宝庆元宝	Regular script	1225–1227	Lizong
Dasong Tongbao	大宋通寶	大宋通宝	Regular script	1225	Lizong
Dasong Yuanbao	大宋元寶	大宋元宝	Regular script	1225–1227	Lizong
Shaoding Tongbao	紹定通寶	绍定通宝	Regular script	1228–1233	Lizong
Shaoding Yuanbao	紹定元寶	绍定元宝	Regular script	1228–1233	Lizong
Duanping Tongbao	端平通寶	端平通宝	Regular script	1234–1236	Lizong
Duanping Yuanbao	端平元寶	端平元宝	Regular script	1234–1236	Lizong
Duanping Zhongbao	端平重寶	端平重宝	Regular script	1234–1236	Lizong
Jiaxi Tongbao	嘉熙通寶	嘉熙通宝	Regular script	1237–1240	Lizong
Jiaxi Zhongbao	嘉熙重寶	嘉熙重宝	Regular script	1237–1240	Lizong
Chunyou Tongbao	淳祐通寶	淳祐通宝	Regular script	1241–1252	Lizong
Chunyou Yuanbao	淳祐元寶	淳祐元宝	Regular script	1241–1252	Lizong
Huangsong Yuanbao	皇宋元寶	皇宋元宝	Regular script	1253–1258	Lizong
Kaiqing Tongbao	開慶通寶	开庆通宝	Regular script	1259	Lizong
Jingding Yuanbao	景定元寶	景定元宝	Regular script	1260–1264	Lizong
Xianchun Yuanbao	咸淳元寶	咸淳元宝	Regular script	1265–1274	Duzong

The Southern Song dynasty General Liu Guangshi ( 劉光世 ) besides cast limited cash coins with the inscription “ Zhaona Xinbao “ ( 招納信寶 ) to recruit Jin soldiers and allow them to defect to the Song Army, [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] however these were n’t meant for circulation. [ 76 ]

Northern Liao dynasty [edit ]

A phone number of cash coins were reported to have the reign titles of Northern Liao dynasty emperors, however as no historic records mention them the authenticity of these coins has been called into question. list of cash coins presumably issued by the Khitan Northern Liao dynasty : [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ]

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Simplified Chinese	Years of production	Emperor	Image
Jianfu Yuanbao	建福元寳	建福元宝	1122	Xuanzong
Dexing Tongbao	德興通寳	德兴通宝	1122–1123	Yelü Yali
Dexing Yuanbao	德興元寳	德兴元宝	1122–1123	Yelü Yali
Shenli Tongbao	神曆通寳	神历通宝	1123	Yingzong
Shenli Yuanbao	神曆元寳	神历元宝	1123	Yingzong

westerly Liao dynasty ( Qara Khitai ) [edit ]

In November 2008, October 2010, and February 2011 three specimens of cash coins produced by the western Liao were unearthed in Kyrgyzstan, the first specimen of these cash coins were initially thought to bear the inscription “ Jixing Yuanbao ” ( 績興元寳 ) but after the moment one was unearthed its dedication was well sympathize. [ 81 ]

westerly Xia dynasty [edit ]

The Tangut Western Xia dynasty produced both cash coins with chinese and Tangut inscriptions. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] [ 84 ] Despite issuing coins the economy of the Tangut Empire by and large relied on barter which is why western Xia era coins today are rare .

With Tangut inscriptions [edit ]

Coins with Tangut inscriptions : [ 85 ] [ 86 ] [ n ]

Inscription (Tangut)	Inscription (Mandarin)	Traditional Chinese	Simplified Chinese	Years of casting	Emperor	Image
śjɨj ljo ljɨ̣ dzjɨj ( 𗼃𗼕𘏨𘔭)	Fu Sheng Bao Qian	福聖寶錢	福圣宝钱	1053–1056	Yizong
tha nej ljɨ̣ dzjɨj ( 𘜶𗵐𘏨𘔭)	Da An Bao Qian	大安寶錢	大安宝钱	1074–1084	Huizong
tśhja bio̲ ljɨ̣ dzjɨj ( 𗣼𘝯𘏨𘔭)	Zhen Guan Bao Qian	貞觀寶錢	贞观宝钱	1101–1113	Chongzong
tśhja mji̲ ljɨ̣ dzjɨj ( 𗣼𘇚𘏨𘔭 Read more: Could These Altcoins Be Ethereum Killers? )	Zheng De Bao Qian	正德寶錢	正德宝钱	1127–1134	Chongzong
tshjwu ꞏwu ljɨ̣ dzjɨj ( 𘀗𘑨𘏨𘔭)	Qian You Bao Qian	乾祐寶錢	乾祐宝钱	1170–1193	Renzong
ŋwər ljwu ljɨ̣ dzjɨj ( 𘓺𘅝𘏨𘔭)	Tian Qing Bao Qian	天慶寶錢	天庆宝钱	1194–1206	Huanzong

With taiwanese inscriptions [edit ]

Jin dynasty ( 1115–1234 ) [edit ]

Cash coins produced by the Jurchen -led Jin dynasty compared to earlier Liao dynasty neologism are both of higher quality, and measure ; this is because the Jurchens chose to model their coins more close after the Song ‘s both in production as superficially in its calligraphic vogue. tilt of cash coins produced by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty : [ 1 ] [ 3 ]

Li Pobei [edit ]

During a Jin invasion that occurred in November 1125, Li Pobei ( 李婆備 ) took advantage of this site and rebelled against the Northern Song dynasty. He is known to have cast cash coins with the inscription “ Taiping Tongbao ” ( 太平通寶 ). [ 89 ]

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Simplified Chinese	Denominations	Years of production	Leader	Image
Taiping Tongbao	太平通寶	太平通宝	1 wén, 2 wén, 5 wén	1127–1130	Li Pobei

Great Qi dynasty [edit ]

In 1130 during the Jin–Song Wars the Jin dynasty had set up a second puppet state called “ Da Qi ” ( after the fail first creature state of matter, Da Chu ), this creature express briefly produced its own coins until it was defeated by the Song in 1137. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Coins produced by the brief Jurchen vassal express admit :

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Simplified Chinese	Script	Emperor	Image
Fu Chang Tong Bao	阜昌通寶	阜昌通宝	Regular script, Seal script	Liu Yu
Fu Chang Yuan Bao	阜昌元寶	阜昌元宝	Regular script, Seal script	Liu Yu
Fu Chang Zhong Bao	阜昌重寶	阜昌重宝	Regular script, Seal script	Liu Yu

Eastern Xia dynasty [edit ]

During a mint hoard in the Russian Far East in 2011 seven cash coins were discovered that bore an inscription which was previously strange, these coins bore a claim alluding to a maverick state that was founded during the Mongol seduction of the Jin dynasty. list of cash coins issued by the Jurchen -led Eastern Xia dynasty : [ 92 ] [ 93 ]

Mongol Empire ( prior to the constitution of the Yuan dynasty ) [edit ]

Cash coins issued by the Mongols before 1230 :

Obverse inscription (Romanisation)	Reverse	Notes	Image
大朝通寶 (Dachao Tongbao)	Unknown Arabic characters	This coins was possibly cast between 1206 and 1227 in Karakorum by Genghis Khan as “大朝” was a name the Mongols gave themselves. The coin is mostly found made from silver although copper variants exist.
大朝金合 (Dachao Jinhe)	Blank	The attribution of this coins to the Mongols is doubtful as the name “大朝” was used by various countries that bordered China. This coin was first mentioned in the Record of Coins which was published around 1094. Peng Xinwei attributes this coin to the Liao dynasty.
支鈔半分 (Zhichao Banfen)	Blank	Zhichao Banfen (支鈔半分) could be translated as “Exchange for paper money half a fen [of silver]”. The inscription could alternatively read Jiaochao Banfen (交鈔半分).

Cash coins issued by the Mongol Empire while it occupied Jin dynasty territory ( circa 1230–1280 ) :

Obverse inscription (Romanisation)	Reverse	Notes	Image
大觀通寶 (Daguan Tongbao)	Blank	This cash coins has rather broad rims.
大觀通寶 (Daguan Tongbao)	中 (Zhong)	The “中” is written in seal script and is above the square center hole on the reverse.
大觀通寶 (Daguan Tongbao)	半錢 (Ban Qian)	The reverse inscription indicates that this cash coin had a nominal value of half a qián of silver.
大觀通寶 (Daguan Tongbao)	Blank	This is a cash coin of diminutive size with the Chinese character “觀” written in an imperfect way.
大觀通寶 (Daguan Tongbao)	Dot pattern	The reverse of this coin is completely covered with dots.
大觀通寶 (Daguan Tongbao)	Blank	The inscription is written in a very barbarous manner.

yuan dynasty [edit ]

During the Yuan dynasty, wallpaper money such as the Jiaochao wholly replaced copper neologism, during times of ostentation Temple coins issued by Buddhist temples became the de facto currency. Under Külüg Khan a large numeral of cash coins were issued to pay for the state ‘s expenditures but these got phased out in favor of paper currency, it was n’t until the reign of Toghon Temür that the Yuan dynasty attempted to produce cash coins at a large scale again. tilt of cash coins issued by the yuan dynasty : [ 95 ] [ 96 ] [ o ]

Rebels of the Yuan dynasty [edit ]

During the Red Turban rebellion organised by the White Lotus company ; many of its leaders proclaimed their own kingdoms and empires that ruled over unlike regions of China, the most successful of these was Zhu Yuanzhang ‘s Ming dynasty which would unify China. Though the majority of these countries were ephemeral some did produce their own coinage. [ 98 ]

Ming dynasty [edit ]

Under the Ming dynasty the policy of predominantly using newspaper money ( such as the Da Ming Baochao banknotes ) which was started under the Mongols would continue until 1505 when spanish dollars and other silver coins became the dominant allele currency. native production of cash coins had ceased between 1375 and 1376, from 1387 until 1379, from 1393 ( as paper money superseded shed neologism completely ) until 1433, and finally from 1435 until 1503. Yongle Tongbao cash coins were largely cast for alien trade. [ citation needed ] From the Ming dynasty onwards only period titles were used for mint inscriptions and these period titles would ( normally ) remain changeless throughout the predominate of an Emperor. [ 2 ] [ 1 ]
note that under the reign of the Zhengde Emperor no copper-alloy cash coins were minted however a very bombastic numeral of Zhengde Tongbao ( 正德通寶 ) coin amulets exist, the production of these coin-like amulets started from the deep Ming dynasty menstruation and these amulets are still being produced today .

Guizhou local issues [edit ]

During the Hongzhi menstruation from 1488 until 1505 some Tribal Commissioners in the state of Guizhou issued their own cash coins, quite than being bases on reign titles the inscriptions were based on place names .

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Simplified Chinese	Emperor	Image
Shuiguan Tongbao	水官通寶	水官通宝	Hongzhi Emperor
Taiguan Tongbao	太官通寶	太官通宝	Hongzhi Emperor
Huoguan Tongbao	火官通寶	火官通宝	Hongzhi Emperor
Dading Tongbao	大定通寶	大定通宝	Hongzhi Emperor
Taiding Tongbao	太定通寶	太定通宝	Hongzhi Emperor
Taizi Tongbao	太子通寶	太子通宝	Hongzhi Emperor

Yunnan local anesthetic issues [edit ]

Under the Ming dynasty the territory which used to belong to the Dali Kingdom cast their own coins, these cash coins were issued in the state of Yunnan under the reign of the Hongzhi Emperor and are known to be of poor craft and blunt vomit, it is often unknown if these cash coins were cast by the Bai people in Dali, the Hmong tribe survive in the area, or one of the many early tribes that live in Yunnan as records of their vomit were n’t bring kept. [ 102 ] Many of these cash coins were besides cast by using regular cash coins as “ mother coins ” which explains their rather crude appearances. These Yunnan local issue cash coins include : [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] [ 106 ]

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Simplified Chinese	Emperor	Image
Huoping Xinbao	火平信寶	火平信宝	Hongzhi Emperor
Hongwu Tongbao	洪武通寶	洪武通宝	Hongzhi Emperor
Hongzhi Tongbao	弘治通寶	弘治通宝	Hongzhi Emperor
Taiping Tongbao	太平通寶	太平通宝	Hongzhi Emperor
Dazhou Tongbao	大周通寶	大周通宝	Hongzhi Emperor
Kaiyuan Tongbao	開元通寶	开元通宝	Hongzhi Emperor

Ming-Qing transitional period [edit ]

This is a number of cash coins produced during the transition from Ming to Qing .

southerly Ming dynasty [edit ]

list of cash coins produced by the Southern Ming dynasty : [ 107 ] [ 108 ]

Kingdom of Tungning ( Taiwan ) [edit ]

Under Koxinga the Kingdom of Tungning ( which was a state firm to the Southern Ming dynasty ) had ordered Yongli Tongbao cash coins to be produced ( presumably ) in Nagasaki, these coins circulated entirely in Taiwan. The production of these coins lasted until 1682 .

Rebels [edit ]

late Jin dynasty ( 1616–1636 ) [edit ]

The surveil coins were issued by the Later Jin dynasty : [ 115 ] [ 116 ] [ 117 ]

Inscription	Latin script	Denominations	Years of mintage	Khan	Image
ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ ᡥᠠᠨ ᠵᡳᡴᠠ	Abkai fulingga han jiha	1 wén	1616–1626	Abkai fulingga Khan
天命通寳	Tiān Mìng Tōng Bǎo	1 wén	1616–1626	Abkai fulingga Khan
ᠰᡠᡵᡝ ᡥᠠᠨ ᠨᡳ ᠵᡳᡴᠠ	Sure han ni jiha	10 wén	1627–1643	Sure Khan

A cash mint with the inscription “ Tiancong Tongbao ” ( 天聰通寳 ) reported to be in the denominations of 1 wén and 10 wén has besides been attributed to Hong Taiji, however the authenticity of this mint is doubtful .

Qing dynasty [edit ]

Qing dynasty earned run average cash coins generally bear the reign title of the Emperor in Chinese characters, with only a individual change of reign title occurring with the Qixiang Emperor becoming the Tongzhi Emperor by decision of his mother, Empress Dowager Cixi. [ 1 ] [ 119 ] [ 120 ]

xinjiang issues [edit ]

Certain parts of Xinjiang under Qing rule had a monetary system break from that was separate from that of China proper, this was largely due to the fact that the area which once belonged to Dzungaria paid with pūl coins which were made from about pure bull, when some these pūl coins were melted down to make “ bolshevik cash coins ” the pūl-system was basically continued and 1 “ red cash coin ” had a value of 10 regular cash coins. Another differentiating feature of Xinjiang as a unharmed was that under the Jiaqing Emperor it was ordered that 1 in 5 coins produced in Xinjiang should bear the inscription Qianlong Tongbao ( 乾隆通寶 ) to honour the Qianlong Emperor, and celebrate his seduction of the region. New obverse inscriptions were introduced by the Kucha mint during the early twentieth century however the production of “ red cash coins ” with these raw inscriptions did n’t survive identical long as they featured merely two unlike dates from the chinese cyclic calendar during the Guangxu earned run average and the Kucha mint closed in 1909. The following “ red cash coins ” with new inscriptions were produced by the Kucha mint in xinjiang : [ 122 ]

Inscription	Traditional Chinese	Simplified Chinese	Denominations	Years of mintage	Emperor	Image
Guangxu Dingwei	光緒丁未	光绪丁未	10 wén	1907	Guangxu Emperor
Guangxu Wushen	光緒戊申	光绪戊申	10 wén	1908	Guangxu Emperor

Rashidin Khan Khoja [edit ]

During the Dungan disgust from 1862 to 1877, Sultan Rashidin Khan Khoja proclaimed a Jihad against the Qing dynasty in 1862, he issued Chinese-style cash coins minted at the Aksu and Kucha mints with exclusive Arabic inscriptions. [ 124 ]

Obverse inscription (Romanised)	Reverse inscription (Romanised)	Sultan	Mint	Years of production	Image
سيد غازي راشدين خان (Sayyid Ghazi Rashidin Khan)	زرب دار السلطانات كوجا (Zarb dar al-Sultanat Kuqa)	Rashidin Khan Khoja	Kucha	1864–1865
سيد غازي راشدين خان (Sayyid Ghazi Rashidin Khan)[q]	زرب دار السلطانات كوجا (Zarb dar al-Sultanat Kuqa)	Rashidin Khan Khoja	Kucha	1865–1867
سيد غازي راشدين خان (Sayyid Ghazi Rashidin Khan)	زرب دار السلطانات أقسو (Zarb dar al-Sultanat Aqsu)	Rashidin Khan Khoja	Aksu	1864–1867

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom [edit ]

In 1850 the Taiping Rebellion was started by the head of the God worshippers Hong Xiuquan who founded the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, this rebellion lasted until 1864. Although identical little documentation exists about the coinage manufactured by the Taiping rebels, it is known that in June 1853 the occupying Taiping rebels ordered copper workers in Tianjing ( deliver day Nanjing ) with the skills to cast coins to open fresh furnaces for the production of cash coins with the inscription Tianguo Shengbao that were reported to be “ the size of foreign coins ” ( Mexican guinea-bissau peso ), these coins were reported to be of very poor people craft and their product was quickly discontinued and although no coins fitting this description are extend it is known that Taiping rebels in other areas and provinces did cast coinage. The following cash coins are known to have been cast by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom :

Obverse inscription (Romanised)	Reverse inscription (Romanised)	Denominations	Years of production	Image
天囯 (Tianguo)	通寳 (Tongbao)	10 wén	1853–1855
天囯 (Tianguo)	聖寶 (Shengbao)	10 wén	1856–1860
天囯聖寶 (Tianguo Shengbao)	太平 (Taiping)	1 wén	1858–1864
天囯聖寶 (Tianguo Shengbao)		5 wén	1850s
太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo)	聖寶 (Shengbao)	1 wén, 5 wén, 10 wén, 50 wén	1860–1862
天囯太平 (Tianguo Taiping)	聖寶 (Shengbao)	1 wén	1861–1864
太平聖寶 (Taiping Shengbao)	天囯 (Tianguo)	1 wén, 5 wén	1861–1864
太平聖宝 (Taiping Shengbao)[2]	天囯 (Tianguo)		1860s
太平 (Taiping)[126][r]	聖寶 (Shengbao)		1860s

Heaven and Earth Society, Shanghai Small Swords Society, and other secret societies during the Taiping rebellion [edit ]

At the prison term of the Taiping rebellion a large count of secret societies such as the Heaven and Earth Society took advantage of the chaos and started to flourish, these confidential societies all claimed to want to overthrow the Qing dynasty and restore the Ming dynasty, for this rationality many of the coins cast by these unavowed societies contain hide messages such as some of them containing characters from the reign titles of Ming dynasty emperors .

Shanghai Small Swords Society [edit ]

The Shanghai Small Swords Society under the leadership of Liu Lichuan seized control condition of the city of Shanghai in September 1853 and awarded themselves the period title of “ Tianyun ” ( 天運 ), as Shanghai had a set of gold and silver medal but not much cash coins the rebels confiscated all scrap copper they could find and this was all frame into cash coins with the dedication “ Taiping Tongbao ” ( 太平通寶 ) on the obverse and a sunday and a crescent on the reverse, the sun ( 日 ) and lunar month ( 月 ) symbolised their purpose on restoring the Ming ( 明 ). As merchants who traded with Shanghai entered the Qing those found carrying cash coins issued by rebels were arrested and put on trial and after a few were executed the Shanghai Small Swords society decided that these coins were basically useless and decided to cast coins based on the Xianfeng reign title .

Obverse inscription (Romanised)	Reverse inscription (Romanised)	Calligraphic style	Years of production	Image
太平通寶 (Taiping Tongbao)		Northern Song era Li script	1854–1855
太平通寶 (Taiping Tongbao)	Crescent (moon) above. 明 (Ming) below.	Northern Song era Li script	1854–1855
太平通寶 (Taiping Tongbao)	Sun (circle) above, Crescent (moon) below.	Contemporary regular script	1854–1855
太平通寶 (Taiping Tongbao)	ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡡᠨ (Boo Yūn)	Contemporary regular script	1854–1855

other secret societies [edit ]

Obverse inscription (Romanised)	Reverse inscription (Romanised)	Years of production	Secret society	Image
太平通寶 (Taiping Tongbao)	文 (Wen) above.	1858–1864	Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
太平通寶 (Taiping Tongbao)	文 (Wen) sideways right.	1858–1864	Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
開元通寶 (Kaiyuan Tongbao)	武 (Wu) above.	1858–1864	Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
開元通寶 (Kaiyuan Tongbao)	武 (Wu) sideways right.	1858–1864	Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
天朝通寶 (Tianchao Tongbao)	永 (Yong) above.	1858–1864	Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
天朝通寶 (Tianchao Tongbao)	永 (Yong) upside down below.	1858–1864	Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
黃帝通寶 (Huangdi Tongbao)	聖 (Sheng) above.	1858–1864	Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
黃帝通寶 (Huangdi Tongbao)	聖 (Sheng) sideways right.	1858–1864	Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
黃帝通寶 (Huangdi Tongbao)	ᠪᠣᠣ 浙 (Boo Zhe)	1858–1864	Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
義記金錢 (Yiji Jinqian)[129][130]	Two intertwined lozenges on the right and left side.	1858–1863	Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
義記金錢 (Yiji Jinqian)	The Chinese character “離” (lí) above and two intertwined lozenges on the right and left side.	1858–1863	Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
義記金錢 (Yiji Jinqian)[131]	震忠團練 (Zhenzhong Tuanlian)	1858–1863	Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
明道通寶 (Mingdao Tongbao)	天 (Tian)	1850s	The Triad Society (三合會)

early contemporary rebellions [edit ]

other than secret societies several early rebellions cast their own coinages contemporary to the Taiping rebellion, in Guizhou the rebel Zhang Baoshan who claimed descent from the Hongwu Emperor is said by David Hartill to have cast the Sitong Tongbao ( 嗣統通寶 ) cash coins according to two references. Li Wenmao who was the drawing card of the Triad Society in the province of Guangdong proclaimed half to be “ the King who shall restore peace ” ( 平靖王 ) in March 1857 but his rebellion got suppressed by the Qing in 1858. The coinage cast by Li Wenmao much contains the fictional character “ 勝 ” ( victory or to vanquish ) which is often found in lodges of Tiandihui groups creating the dedication “ 勝寶 ” ( victorious treasure or vanquishing treasure ), meanwhile as the guerrilla tactics of the Guangdong Triad relied on having their forces be divided into a “ leave flank ”, “ right flank ”, “ center flank ”, “ front flank ”, and “ raise flank ” this is reflected in the invert inscriptions of the coins cast by this rebellion as “ 营 ” ( garrison or camp ) is accompanied by which flank the garrison belonged to .

Obverse inscription (Romanised)	Reverse inscription (Romanised)	Years of production	Rebel leader	Image
平靖通寶 (Pingjing Tongbao)	中 (Zhong) in seal script on the right.	1857–1858	Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao)	中营 (Zhongying)	1857–1858	Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao)	前营 (Qianying)	1857–1858	Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao)	後营 (Houying)	1857–1858	Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao)	左营 (Zuoying)	1857–1858	Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao)	右营 (Youying)	1857–1858	Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao)	御林軍 (Yulinjun)	1857–1858	Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao)	長勝軍 (Changshengjun)	1857–1858	Li Wenmao (李文茂)
嗣統通寶 (Sitong Tongbao)		1860–1863	Zhang Baoshan (張保山)

Republic of China [edit ]

chinese cash coins continued to be produced into the first class of the Republic of China until their production was completely phased out in 1912. A large phone number of trial coins were besides cast, however these were n’t ever officially issued. The follow cash coins were cast during the Republic of China in 1912 :

Inscription (Obverse, Reverse)	Traditional Chinese (Obverse, Reverse)	Simplified Chinese (Obverse, Reverse)	Issuing office	Image
Fujian Tongbao, 1 cash	福建通寶, 一文	福建通宝, 一文	Fujian province
Fujian Tongbao, 2 cash	福建通寶, 二文	福建通宝, 二文	Fujian province
Minguo Tongbao, Dongchuan	民國通寶, 東川	民国通宝, 东川	Dongchuan, Yunnan
Minguo Tongbao, 10 cash	民國通寶, 當十	民国通宝, 当十	Dongchuan, Yunnan

See besides [edit ]

Notes [edit ]

1. ^ A version of this mint exists with the inscription reversed .
2. ^ A interpretation of this coin exists with the dedication reversed .
3. ^ “ yuan Fa ” ( 圜法 ) was a contemporary term for early round neologism .
4. ^jí, “auspicious”) is on its reverse side. As this was the first coin with a squarely hole this could be considered to be the beginning “ true ” chinese cash coin. This inscription was once read as “ Yi Dao ” ( 一刀, “ one knife “ ). A version exists where the dedication is reversed, and one where the character “ 吉 ” (, “ auspicious ” ) is on its reverse side .
5. ^ The “ Liu ” ( 六 ) was once read as “ Bao ” ( 寶, “ treasure ” ) .
6. ^ Could alternatively be read as “ 兩錙 ” .
7. ^ Some diachronic records state that San Zhu cash coins were produced between 140 BC until 136 BC .
8. ^ A “ fathead eye ” random variable of ghe Tai Ping Bai Qian where the “ Qian ” ( 錢 ) is abbreviated as “ Jin ” ( 金 ) .
9. ^ This is presumed based on archaeological evidence .
10. ^ This is the beginning recorded use of a time period deed on a taiwanese cash coin .
11. ^ merely one specimen of this cash coin is known to exist .
12. ^ A rare variety show of this cash coin has its inscription written in Nine-fold navy seal handwriting ( 九叠篆 ) which was a style of chinese calligraphy used during this period that was normally lone reserved for official Song dynasty seals .
13. ^ These cash coins were cast to celebrate the menstruation title of Jian Zhing Jing Guo which was considered excessively long to use as an inscription and these cash coins were not made for general circulation. The Jian Guo Tong Bao is notably made from white copper .
14. ^ The transliterations are those from Tangutologist Li Fanwen, as opposed to David Hartill ‘s custom “ Lee Ndzen ” and like phonetics which are common in the numismatics community .
15. ^ taiwanese, and ‘Phags-pa scripts would by and large appear on the obverse of these coins, while Mongol script would appear on the reverse and would serve as a mint scar ( and in one example the Jurchen, Uighur, and Tangut scripts ) ; Kublai Khan ‘s Zhong Tong Yuan Bao ( 中統元寶 ) was the only coin that contained Seal script, all other chinese inscriptions during the Mongol time period were written in regular script
16. ^Qián Lóng Tōng Bǎo (乾隆通寶) continued to be produced until the fall of the Qing dynasty to commemorate the regions annexation under the Qianlong Emperor, 1 in every 5 coins cast in Xinjiang bear this inscription regardless of era. In Xinjiang coins bearing the inscription ( 乾隆通寶 ) continued to be produced until the capitulation of the Qing dynasty to commemorate the regions annexation under the Qianlong Emperor, 1 in every 5 coins cast in Xinjiang bear this dedication regardless of era .
17. ^ The characters on this series are larger than the previous one which featured rather small Arabic writing .
18. ^ These are possibly the rare of all cash coins issued by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

References [edit ]

Sources [edit ]

• Hartill, David (2005). Cast Chinese Coins: A Historical Catalogue. Trafford. ISBN 978-1-4120-5466-9.

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