history [edit ]
- 1998 – The first experiments with a radio-frequency identification (RFID) implant were carried out in 1998 by the British scientist Kevin Warwick.[1][2][3][4][5] His implant was used to open doors, switch on lights, and cause verbal output within a building. After nine days the implant was removed and has since been held in the Science Museum in London.[ citation needed]
- 2004 – March 18, 2004 – Nokia, Philips (now under NXP Semiconductors) and Sony established the NFC Forum, a non-profit industry formed to advance the use of NFC wireless interaction in consumer electronics, mobile devices and PCs. Standards include the four distinct tag types that provide different communication speeds and capabilities covering flexibility, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. NFC Forum promotes implementation and standardization of NFC technology to ensure interoperability between devices and services.[6]
- 2018 – VivoKey Technologies[7] developed the first cryptographically-secure human implantable NFC transponders in 2018. The Spark is an AES128 bit capable ISO/IEC 15693 2mm by 12mm bioglass encased injectable device. The Flex One is an implantable contactless secure element, capable of running Java Card applets (software programs) including Bitcoin wallets, PGP, OATH OTP, U2F, WebAuthn, etc. It is encapsulated in a flat, flexible 7mm x 34mm x 0.4mm flat biopolymer shell. Applets can be deployed to the Flex One before or after implantation.
- 2019 – Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation funded MIT to develop an invisible microneedle patch used to store digital medical information, along with a vaccine.[8]
- 2020 – On 28 August 2020, Neuralink CEO Elon Musk, revealed a company directed live video podcast showcasing a pig called Gertrude with a coin-sized computer chip in her brain to demonstrate his ambitious plans to create a working brain-to-machine interface.[9]
- 2021 – Dsruptive Subdermals[10] tested a COVID-19 vaccine passport in their bioglass coated NFC microchip designed to get implanted in the subcutaneous tissue for humans.[11] However, this is a start-up hub, is not yet for sale.[12] It has been demonstrated by its managing director Hannes Sjöblad who wears the chip in his arm.
chip individuals [edit ]
several hobbyists, through to scientists and business personalities have placed RFID chip implants into their hands or had them inserted by others .
A surgeon implants british scientist Dr Mark Gasson in his left bridge player with an RFID chip ( March 16, 2009 )
- 2005, Amal Graafstra: In early March 2005 hobbyist Amal Graafstra[13] implanted a 125khz EM4102 bioglass-encased RFID transponder into his left hand. It was used with an access control system to gain entry to his office. Soon after in June 2005 he implanted a more advanced HITAG S 2048 low frequency transponder. In 2006 he authored the book RFID Toys,[14] Graafstra uses his implants to access his home, open car doors, and to log on to his computer. With public interest growing, in 2013 he launched biohacking company Dangerous Things[15] and crowdfunded the world’s first implantable NFC transponder in 2014.[16] He has also spoken at various events and promotional gigs[17] including TEDx,[18] and built a smartgun that only fires after reading his implant.[19] Graafstra CEO of Vivokey and Dangerous Things has gained prominency for being an inventor and business commercial distributor of subdermal RFID/NFC Implants on the world stage. Implanted in both hands with his companies’ implants, he aims to bring awareness to the growing implantation movement.[20]
- 2006, Mikey Sklar: Mikey Sklar had a chip implanted into his left hand and filmed the procedure.[21]
- 2009, Mark Gasson: On 16 March 2009 British scientist Mark Gasson had a glass capsule RFID device surgically implanted into his left hand. In April 2010 Gasson’s team demonstrated how a computer virus could wirelessly infect his implant and then be transmitted on to other systems.[22] Gasson reasoned that with implanted technology the separation between man and machine can become theoretical because the technology can be perceived by the human as being a part of their body. Because of this development in our understanding of what constitutes our body and its boundaries he became credited as being the first human infected by a computer virus. He has no plans to remove his implant.[23]
- 2013, Tim Cannon: In October 2013, Cannon became the first person to be implanted with the Grindhouse-designed biometric sensor known as Circadia, a procedure which was performed by body modification artist Steve Haworth in Essen, Germany.[24][25][26]
- 2014, Martijn Wismeijer: Dutch marketing manager for Bitcoin ATM manufacturer General Bytes, placed RFID chips in both of his hands to store his Bitcoin private keys and business card.[27]
- 2014, Nikolas Badminton: In June 2014, during the From Now Conference[28] in Vancouver, Canada, event organizer and futurist Nikolas Badminton had an xNT chip implanted into his left hand on stage by noted biohacker Amal Graafstra.[29]
- 2015, Jonathan Oxer: Self-implanted an RFID chip in his arm using a veterinary implantation tool.[30]
- 2015, Patric Lanhed: sent a “bio-payment” of one euro worth of Bitcoin using a chip embedded in his hand.[31]
- 2016, Hannes Sjöblad: Biohacker Hannes Sjöblad has been experimenting with near field communication (NFC) chip implants since 2015. During his talk at Echappée Voléé 2016 in Paris, Sjöblad disclosed that he has also implanted himself with a chip between his forefinger and thumb and uses it to unlock doors, make payments, unlock his phone, and essentially replacing anything that is put in one’s pockets.[32] Additionally, Sjöblad has hosted several “implant parties,” where interested individuals can also be implanted with the chip.[33] In October 2021, Sjöblad appeared in a video interview with Aftonbladet where he demonstrated how he receive a QR code when he scans a microchip implant in his arm that contains his EU Digital COVID Certificate (EUDCC).[34][35]
- Marcel Varallo had an NXP chip coated in Bioglass 8625 inserted into his hand between his forefinger and thumb allowing him to open secure elevators and doors at work, print from secure printers, unlock his mobile phone and home, and store his digital business card for transfer to mobile phones enabled for NFC.[36]
type of implants [edit ]
use [edit ]
For Microchip implants that are encapsulated in silicate glass there exists multiple methods to embed the device hypodermic ranging from placing the chip implant in an syringe or trocar [ 38 ] and piercing under the flesh ( subdermal ) then releasing the syringe to using a cutting tool such as a surgical scapel to cut open subdermal and positioning the implant in the open scent. A number of popular uses for chip implants are as follows ;
other uses either cosmetic or aesculapian may besides include ;
current usage [edit ]
Digital identity [edit ]
RFID implants using NFC technologies have been used as access cards ranging for car door introduction to building access. [ 40 ] Secure identity has besides been used to encapsulate or impersonate a users identity via dependable component or relate technologies .
aesculapian records [edit ]
Researchers have examined chip implants in humans in the medical field and they indicate that there are potential benefits and risks to incorporating the device in the checkup field. For exemplar, it could be beneficial for defiant patients but inactive poses great risks for electric potential misapply of the device. [ 44 ] Destron Fearing, a subsidiary company of Digital Angel, initially developed the technology for the VeriChip. [ 45 ] In 2004, the VeriChip implant device and reader were classified as Class II : General controls with special controls by the FDA ; [ 46 ] that year the FDA besides published a draft guidance describing the special controls required to commercialize such devices. [ 47 ] About the size of a texture of rice, the device was typically implanted between the shoulder and elbow area of an individual ’ sulfur right arm. once scanned at the proper frequency, the chip responded with a singular 16-digit number which could be then linked with information about the drug user contain on a database for identity verification, medical records access and other uses. The insertion procedure was performed under local anaesthetic in a doctor ‘s function. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] privacy advocates raised concerns regarding likely pervert of the chip, with some warning that adoption by governments as a compulsory identification program could lead to corrosion of civil liberties, vitamin a well as identity larceny if the device should be hacked. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Another ethical dilemma posed by the engineering, is that people with dementia could possibly benefit the most from an implant device that contained their aesculapian records, but issues of inform accept are the most unmanageable in precisely such people. [ 52 ] In June 2007, the American Medical Association declared that “ implantable radio receiver frequency recognition ( RFID ) devices may help to identify patients, thereby improving the base hit and efficiency of patient care, and may be used to enable batten entree to patient clinical information ”, [ 53 ] but in the same year, newsworthiness reports linking similar devices to cancer caused in lab animals had a annihilative impact on the caller ‘s stock price and sales. [ 54 ] In 2010, the party, by then called PositiveID, withdrew the product from the market due to poor sales. [ 55 ] In January 2012, PositiveID sold the chip assets to a company called VeriTeQ that was owned by Scott Silverman, the former CEO of Positive ID. [ 56 ] In 2016, JAMM Technologies acquired the chip assets from VeriTeQ ; JAMM ‘s occupation plan was to partner with companies selling deep-rooted medical devices and use the RfID tag to monitor and identify the devices. [ 57 ] JAMM Technologies is co-located in the same Plymouth, Minnesota construction as Geissler Corporation with Randolph K. Geissler and Donald R. Brattain [ 58 ] [ 59 ] listed as its principals. The web site besides claims that Geissler was CEO of PositiveID Corporation, Destron Fearing Corporation, and Digital Angel Corporation. [ 60 ] In 2018, A danish firm called BiChip released a new genesis of chip implant [ 61 ] that is intended to be clear from distance and connected to Internet. The company released an update for its chip plant to associate it with the Ripple cryptocurrency to allow payments to be made using the plant chip. [ 62 ] Patients that undergo NFC implants do so for a variety of reasons ranging from, Biomedical diagnostics, health reasons to gaining raw senses, [ 63 ] gain biological enhancement, to be separate of existing growing movements, for workplace purposes, security, hobbyists and for scientific attempt. [ 64 ] In 2020, A London based firm called Impli released a chip implant that is intended to be used with an accompanying smartphone app. The chief functionality of the implant is as a storage of medical records. The implant can be scanned by any smartphone that has NFC capabilities. [ 65 ]
Building entree and security [edit ]
In February 2006, CityWatcher, Inc. of Cincinnati, OH became the beginning company in the world to implant microchips into their employees as separate of their build up access see and security system. The workers needed the implants to access the company ‘s guarantee video recording record room, as documented in USA Today. [ 66 ] The project was initiated and implemented by Six Sigma Security, Inc. The VeriChip Corporation had in the first place marketed the plant as a direction to restrict access to secure facilities such as world power plants. A major drawback for such systems is the relative facilitate with which the 16-digit ID number contained in a nick plant can be obtained and cloned using a hand-held device, a problem that has been demonstrated publicly by security research worker Jonathan Westhues [ 67 ] and documented in the May 2006 emergence of Wired cartridge holder, [ 68 ] among early places.
Read more: Charlotte Mint – Wikipedia
- The Baja Beach Club, a nightclub in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, once used VeriChip implants for identifying VIP guests.[69]
- The Epicenter in Stockholm, Sweden is using RFID implants for employees to operate security doors, copiers, and pay for lunch.[70]
Experimential usage [edit ]
In 2017, Mike Miller, headman administrator of the World Olympians Association, was widely reported as suggesting the use of such implants in athletes in an try to reduce problems in sports ascribable to recreational drug use. [ 71 ] theoretically, a GPS-enabled chip could one day make it possible for individuals to be physically located by latitude, longitude, elevation, and speed. such implantable GPS devices are not technically feasible at this prison term. however, if widely deployed at some future detail, implantable GPS devices could conceivably allow authorities to locate missing people and/or fugitives and those who fled from a crime picture. Critics contend, however, that the technology could lead to political repression as governments could use implants to track and persecute human rights activists, british labour party activists, civil dissidents, and political opponents ; criminals and domestic abusers could use them to stalk and harass their victims ; and child abusers could use them to locate and abduct children. Another suggested application for a track implant, discussed in 2008 by the legislature of Indonesia ‘s Irian Jaya would be to monitor the activities of people infected with HIV, aimed at reducing their chances of infecting other people. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] The microchipping section was not, however, included in the final examination version of the provincial HIV/AIDS Handling bylaw passed by the legislature in December 2008. [ 74 ] With current engineering, this would not be feasible anyhow, since there is no implantable device on the marketplace with GPS tracking capability. Since mod payment methods trust upon RFID/NFC, it is thought that implantable microchips, if they were to always become popular in function, would form a character of the cashless company. [ 75 ] Verichip implants have already been used in nightclubs such as the Baja club for such a purpose, allowing patrons to purchase drinks with their implantable chip. Market parcel of deep-rooted individuals may possibly move on to more safe applications of clothing electronics and hardware such as clothing computer .
electric potential usage [edit ]
Governments [edit ]
Criticisms and concerns [edit ]
infection [edit ]
infection has besides been cited as a beginning of failure within RFID and related chip plant individuals. [ 76 ] Either due to improper implantation techniques, implant rejections or corrosion of implant elements .
concern has been raised and investigated independently by assorted journalists and bodies on the nature of condom of being implanted and their proximity to MRI machines. so far no common conclusive investigation has been done in the matter of each individual type of implant and its risks involved near MRI ‘s other than anecdotic reports ranging from no problems occurring with MRI machines, to requiring hand shielding before proximity, to outright abnegation of proximity due to danger. [ 77 ] [ failed verification – see discussion ]
corrosion [edit ]
Electronics-based implants contain little fabric that can corrode. magnetic implants, however, much contain a substantial sum of metallic elements by volume, and iron, a common implant element, is well corroded by common elements such as oxygen and body of water. Implant corrosion occurs when these elements become trap inside during the encapsulation procedure, which can cause boring caustic effect, or the encapsulation fails and allows corrosive elements to come into contact with the attraction. catastrophic encapsulation failures are normally obvious, resulting in tenderness, stain of the clamber, and a slender incendiary reaction. small failures however can take much longer to become obvious, resulting in a slowly abasement of field potency without many external signs that something is lento going incorrectly with the magnet. [ 78 ]
Cancer risks [edit ]
In a self-published report, [ 79 ] anti-RFID advocate Katherine Albrecht, who refers to RFID devices as “ spy chips “, cites veterinary and toxicological studies carried out from 1996 to 2006 which found lab rodents injected with microchips as an incidental expense depart of unrelated experiments and dogs implanted with identification microchips sometimes developed cancerous tumors at the injection web site ( hypodermic sarcoma ) as evidence of a homo implantation gamble. [ 80 ] however, the link between foreign-body tumorigenesis in lab animals and implantation in humans has been publicly refuted as erroneous and mislead [ 81 ] and the report ‘s writer has been criticized [ by whom? ] over the use of “ provocative ” linguistic process “ not based in scientific fact ”. [ 82 ] notably, none of the studies cited specifically set out to investigate the cancer risk of deep-rooted microchips and therefore none of the studies had a control group of animals that did not get implanted. While the issue is considered worthy of far probe, one of the studies cited caution “ Blind leap from the signal detection of tumors to the prediction of human health risk should be avoided ”. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] [ 85 ]
Stolen identity, privacy security risks [edit ]
The Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs ( CEJA ) of the American Medical Association published a report in 2007 alleging that RFID implanted chips may compromise privacy because even though no information can be stored in an RFID transponder, they allege that there is no assurance that the information contained in the chip can be properly protected. [ dead link ] [ 86 ] Stolen identity and privacy has been a major concern with Microchip implants being cloned for diverse nefarious reasons in a process known as Wireless identity larceny. Incidents of forced removal of animal implants have been documented, [ 87 ] the concern lies in whether this lapp practice will be used to attack implant microchipped patients besides. Due to low adoption of chip implants incidents of these physical attacks are rare. nefarious RFID reprogramming of unprotected or unencrypted chip tags are besides a major security gamble consideration .
risk to human exemption and autonomy [edit ]
Some [ who? ] have expressed concerns that technology is being abused. [ 88 ] Invasive engineering has the electric potential to be used by governments to create an ‘ orwellian ‘ digital dystopia. In such a world, self-determination, the ability to think freely, and all personal autonomy would be completely lost ; human beings would be basically digital slaves to governments, corporations, or networks that owned the microchipping engineering. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ]
legislation [edit ]
United States [edit ]
Following Wisconsin and North Dakota, [ 92 ] California issued Senate Bill 362 in 2007, which makes it illegal to force a person to have a chip implanted, and provide for an assessment of civil penalties against violators of the charge. [ 92 ] In 2008, Oklahoma passed 63 OK Stat § 63-1-1430 ( 2008 S.B. 47 ), that bans involuntary chip implants in humans. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] On April 5, 2010, the Georgia Senate passed Senate Bill 235 that prohibits forced chip implants in humans and that would make it a misdemeanor for anyone to require them, including employers. [ 95 ] The bill would allow voluntary chip implants, angstrom long as they are performed by a doctor and regulated by the Georgia Composite Medical Board. The state ‘s House of Representatives did not take up the standard. [ citation needed ] On February 10, 2010, Virginia ‘s House of Delegates besides passed a bill that forbids companies from forcing their employees to be implanted with tracking devices. [ 96 ] Washington State House Bill 1142-2009-10 orders a discipline using implant radio frequency identification or other similar engineering to electronically monitor sex offenders and other felons. [ 97 ]
Views [edit ]
In popular culture [edit ]
The cosmopolitan populace are most familiar with microchips in the context of identifying pets. Gary Wohlscheid, president of These last Days Ministries, has argued that “ Out of all the technologies with potential to be the mark of the animal, VeriChip has got the best hypothesis right now ”. [ 98 ] “ Arkangel “, an episode of the drama series Black Mirror, considered the likely for helicopter rear of an imagined more advanced chip. Transhumanism is a apparent motion related the implants and their sexual intercourse to transhuman qualities of which microchipped/sub-dermal plant individuals are normally grouped together with. [ 99 ]
religious beliefs [edit ]
Christians make a connect between the PositiveID and the Biblical Mark of the Beast, [ 100 ] [ 101 ] prophesied to be a future necessity for buying and sell, and a key element of the Book of Revelation. [ 102 ] [ 103 ]
misinformation [edit ]
A 2021 study by YouGov says that 20 % of Americans believe that microchips are inside the COVID-19 vaccines. [ 104 ] [ 105 ]
A 2021 Facebook article with about 4,000 shares claimed DARPA has developed a COVID-19 detect chip implant. however, the same article now saying “ This article was updated to reflect that DARPA created a detector and not a chip, as previously stated. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] [ 108 ]
See besides [edit ]
References [edit ]
further take [edit ]
- Haag, Stephen; Cummings, Maeve; McCubbrey, Donald (2004). Management Information Systems for the Information Age (4th ed.). New York City, New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-281947-2.
- Graafstra, Amal (2004). RFID Toys: 11 Cool Projects for Home, Office and Entertainment (4th ed.). New York City, New York: (ExtremeTech) Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc. ISBN 0-471-77196-1.
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